Agans, R., Rigsbee, L., Kenche, H., Michail, S., Khamis, H.J. and Paliy, O., 2011. Distal gut microbiota of adolescent children is different from that of adults. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 77: 404-412. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Balamurugan, R., George, G., Kabeerdoss, J., Hebsiba, J., Chandragunasekaran, A.M. and Ramakrishna, B.S., 2010. Quantitative differences in intestinal Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in obese Indian children. British Journal of Nutrition 103: 335-338. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Barczynska, R., Slizewska, K., Litwin, M., Szalecki, M., Zarskia, A. and Kapusniak, J., 2015. The effect of dietary fibre preparations from potato starch on the growth and activity of bacterial strains belonging to the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. Journal of Functional Foods 19: 661-668. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Benninga, M.A., Faure, C., Hyman, P.E., Davidson, G.P., Fleisher, D.F. and Taminiau, J., 2016. Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: neonate/toddler. Gastroenterology 150: 1443-1455. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Bervoets, L., Van Hoorenbeeck, K., Kortleven, I., Van Noten, C., Hens, N., Vael, C., Goossens, H., Desager, K.N. and Van Kerckhoven, V., 2013. Differences in gut microbiota composition between obese and lean children: a cross-sectional study. Gut Pathogens 5: 10. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015. About child and teen BMI. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/h9p2qeo.http://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/childrens_bmi/about_childrens_bmi.html. Google Scholar
	Chiou, E. and Nurko, S., 2010. Management of functional abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome in children and adolescents. Expert Review of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 4: 293-304. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Chitkara, D.K., Rawat, D.J. and Talley, N.J., 2005. The epidemiology of childhood recurrent abdominal pain in Western countries: a systematic review. American Journal of Gastroenterology 100: 1868-1875. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Choung, R.S., Shah, N.D., Chitkara, D., Branda, M.E., Van Tilburg, M.A., Whitehead, W.E., Katusic, S.K., Locke 3rd, G.R. and Talley, N.J., 2011. Direct medical costs of constipation from childhood to early adulthood: a population-based birth cohort study. Journal of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition 52: 47-54. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Ciccarelli, S., Stolfi, I. and Caramia, G., 2013. Management strategies in the treatment of neonatal and pediatric gastroenteritis. Infection Drug Resistance 6: 133-161. Google Scholar
	Clemente, J.C., Ursell, L.K., Wegener Parfrey, L., 2012. The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: an intergrade view. Cell 148: 1258-1270. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Davodabadi, A., Dallal, M.M.S., Lashani, E. and Ebrahimi, M.T., 2015. Antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus spp. Isolated from fecal flora of healthy breast-fed infants against diarreagenic Escherichia coli. Jundishapur Journal of Micribiology 12: e27852. Google Scholar
	De Fillipo, C., Cavaliera, D., Di Paolab, M., Ramazzottic, M., Baptiste, P., Massart, S., Collini, S., Pieraccinie, G. and Lionetti, P., 2010. Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107: 14691-14696. Crossref, Google Scholar
	De Meij, T.G,. Budding, A.E., De Groot, E.F., Jansen, F.M., Frank Kneepkens, C.M., Benninga, M.A., Penders, J., Van Bodegraven, A.A. and Savelkoul, P.H., 2016. Composition and stability of intestinal microbiota of healthy children within a Dutch population. FASEB Journal 30: 1512-1522. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Dimidi, E., Christodoulides, S., Fragkos, K.C., 2014. The effect of probiotics on functional constipation in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 100: 1075-1084. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Emara, M.H., Elhawari, S.A., Yousef, S., Radwan, M.I. and Abdel-Aziz, H.R., 2015. Emerging role of probiotics in the management of Helicobacter pilory infection: histopathologic perspectives. Helicobacter 21: 3-10. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Enoch, D.A., Butler, M.J., Pai, S., Aliyu, S.H. and Karas, J.A., 2011. Clostridium difficile in children: colonisation and disease. Journal of Infection 63: 105-113. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Francavilla, R., Polimeno, L., Demichina, A., Maurogiovanni, G., Principi, B., Scaccianoce, G., Ierardi, E., Russo, F., Riezzo, G., Di Leo, A., Cavallo, L., Francavilla, A. and Versalovic, J., Lactobacillus reuteri strain combination in Helicobacter pilory infection: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 48: 407-413. Google Scholar
	Futagami, S., Itoh, T. and Sakamoto, C., 2015. Systematic review with meta-analysis: post-infectious functional dyspepsia. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 41: 177-188. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Giannetti, E., Maglione, M., Alessandrella, A., Strisciuglio, C., De Giovanni, D., Campanozzi, A., Miele, E. and Staiano, A., 2016. A mixture of 3 bifidobacteria decreases abdominal pain and improves the quality of life in children with irritable bowel syndrome. a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Journal of Clinical Gastronterology 51: e5-e10. Google Scholar
	Gu B, Cao, Y., Pan, S., Zhuang, L., Yu, R., Peng, Z., Qian, H., Wei, Y., Zhao, L., Liu, G. and Tong, M., 2012. Comparison of the prevalence and changing resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin of Shigella between Europe-America and Asia-Africa from 1998 to 2009. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 40: 9-17. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Harris, P.R., Smythies, L.E., Smith, P.D. and Perez-Perz, G.I., 2013. Role of childhood infection in the sequelae of H. pylori disease. Gut Microbes 4: 426-438. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Henker, J., Laass, M.W., Blokhin, B.M., Maydannik, V.G., Bolbot, Y.K., Elze, M., Wolff, C., Schreiner, A. and Schulze, J., 2008. Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 versus placebo for treating diarrhea of greater than 4 days duration in infants and toddlers. Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases 27: 494-499. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Hopkins, M.J., Sharp, R. and Macfarelane, G.T., 2001. Age and disease related changes in intestinal bacterial populations assessed by cell culture. Gut 48: 198-205. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Hotopf, M., Carr, S., Mayou, R. Wadsworth, M. and Wessely, S., 1998. Why do children have chronic abdominal pain, and what happens to them when they grow up? Population based cohort study. BMJ 316: 1196-1200. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Hume, M.P., Nicolucci, A.C. and Reimer, R.A., 2015. Prebiotic fiber consumption decreases energy intake in overweight and obese children. FASEB Journal 29 Suppl. 597.3. Google Scholar
	Hyams, J.S., Burke, G., Davis, P.M., Rzepski, B. and Andrulonis, P.A., 1996. Abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome in adolescents: a community-based study. Journal of Pediatrics 129: 220-226. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Hyams, J.S., Di Lorenzo, C., Saps, M., Shulman, R.J., Staiano, A. and Van Tilburg, M., 2016. Functional disorders: children and adolescents. Gastroenterology 150: 1456-1468. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Ignacio, A., Fernandes, M.R., Rodrigues, V.A., Groppo, F.C., Cardoso, A.L., Avila-Campos, M.J. and Nakano, V., 2016. Correlation between body mass index and fecal microbiota from children. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 22: 258. Google Scholar
	Johnson, C.L. and Versalovic, J., 2012. The human microbiome and its potential importance to pediatrics. Pediatrics 129: 950-960. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Kalliomäki, M., Collado, M.C., Salminen, S. and Isolauri, E., 2008. Early differences in fecal microbiota composition in children may depict overweight. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87: 534-538. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Karlsson, C.L.J., Önnerfalt, J., Xu, J., Molin, G., Ahrné, S. and Thorngren-Jerneck, K., 2012. The microbiota of the gut in preschool children with normal and excessive body weight. Obesity 20: 2257-2261. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Karlsson Videhult, F.K., Öhlund, I., Stenlund, H., Hernell, O. and West, C.E., 2015. Probiotcs during weaning: a follow-up study on effects on body composition and metabiloc markers at school age. European Journal of Nutrition 54: 355-363. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Koloski, N.A., Jones, M., Kalantar, J., Weltman, M., Zaguirre, J. and Talley, N.J., 2012. The brain-gut pathway in functional gastrointestinal disorders is bidirectional: a 12-year prospective population-based study. Gut 61: 1284-1290. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Korterink, J., Devanarayana, N.M., Rajindrajith, S., Vlieger, A. and Benninga, M.A., 2015. Childhood functional abdominal pain: mechanisms and management. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology 12: 159-171. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Korterink, J.J., Diederen, K., Benninga, M.A. and Tabbers, M.M., 2015. Epidemiology of pediatric functional abdominal pain disorders: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 10: e0126982. Google Scholar
	Korterink, J.J., Ockeloen, L., Benninga, M.A., Tabbers, M.M., Hilbink, M. and Deckers-Kocken, J.M., 2014. Probiotics for childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Acta Paediatrica 103: 365-372. Crossref, Google Scholar
	La-ongkham, O., Nakphaichit, M., Leelavacharamas, V., Keawsompong, S. and Nitisinprasert, S., 2015. Distinct gur microbiota of healthy children from two different geographic regions of Thailand. Archives of Microbiology 197: 561-573. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Lau, C.S.M. and Chaimberlain, R.S., 2016. Probiotics are effective at preventing Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of General Medicine 9: 27-37. Google Scholar
	Lees, E.A., Miyajima, F., Pirmohamed, M. and Carrol, E.D., 2016. The role of Clostridium difficile in the paediatric and neonatal gut – a narrative review. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 35: 1047-1057. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Liber, A. and Szajewska, H., 2014. Effect of oligofructose supplementaion on body weight in overweight and obese children: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition 112: 2068-2074. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Luoto, R., Kalliomäki, M., Laitinen, K. and Isolauri, E., 2010. The impact of perinatal probiotic intervention on the development of overweight and obesity: follow-up study from birth to 10 years. International Journal of Obesity 34: 1531-1537. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Maldonado-Contreras, A., Goldfarb, K.C., Godoy-Vitorino, F., Karaoz, U., Contreras, M., Blaser, M.J., Brodie, E.L. and Dominguez-Bello, M.G., 2011. Structure of the human gastric bacterial community in relation to Helicobacter pylori status. ISME Journal 5: 574-579. Crossref, Google Scholar
	McKeown, C., Hisle-Gorman, E., Eide, M., Gorman, G.H. and Nylund, C.M., 2013. Association of constipation and fecal incontinence with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 132: e1210-e1215. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Mugie, S.M., Benninga, M.A. and Di Lorenzo, C., 2011. Epidemiology of constipation in children and adults: a systematic review. Best Practice and Research: Clinical Gastroenterology 25: 3-18. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Mugie, S.M., Di Lorenzo, C. and Benninga, M.A., 2011. Constipation in childhood. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology 8: 502-511. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Nicolucci, A.C., Hume, M.P. and Reimer, R.A., 2015. Effect of prebiotic fiber intake on adiposity and inflammation in overweight and obese children: assessing the role of the gut microbiota. Canadian Journal of Diabetes 39 Suppl. 1: S43. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Ohman, L. and Simren, M., 2013. Intestinal microbiota and its role in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Current Gastroenterology Reports 15: 323. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Ollberding, N., Ward, D., Cline, A., Taft, D., Davidson, B., Yu, Z., Valentine, C., Newburg, D. and Morrow, A., 2015. Human gut microbes associated with infant weight-for-length growth. FASEB Journal 29, Suppl. 385.3. Google Scholar
	Payne, A.N., Chassard, C., Zimmermann, M., Müller, P., Stinca, S. and Lacroix, C., 2011. The metabolic activity of gut microbiota in obese children is increased compared with normal-weight children and exhibits more exhaustive substrate utilization. Nutrition and Diabetes 1: e12. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Peeters, B., Noens, I., Philips, E.M., Kuppens, S. and Benninga, M.A., 2013. Autism spectrum disorders in children with functional defecation disorders. Journal of Pediatrics 163: 873-878. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Pop, M., Paulson, J.N., Chakraborty, S., Astrovskaya, I., Lindsay, B.R., Li, S., Bravo, H.C., Harro, C., Parkhill, J., Walker, A.W., Walker, R.I. and Sack, D.A., 2016. Stine OC1 individual-specific changes in the human gut microbiota after challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and subsequent ciprofloxacin treatment. BMC Genomics 17: 440. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Rigsbee, L., Agans, R., Shankar, V., Kenche, H., Khamis, H.J., Michail, S. and Paliy, O., 2012. Quantitative profiling of gut microbiota of children with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. American Journal of Gastroenterology 107: 1740-1751. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Russell, G.H., Kaplan, J.L. and Youngster, I., 2014. Fecal transplant ant for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in children with and without inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition 58: 588-592. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Salama, N.R., Hartung, M.L. and Müller, A., 2013. Life is the human stomach: persistence strategies of the bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Nature Reviews Microbiology 11: 358-399. Google Scholar
	Saps, M., Pensabene, L., Di Martino, L., Staiano, A., Wechsler, J., Zheng, X. and Di Lorenzo, C., 2008. Post-infectious functional gastrointestinal disorders in children. Journal of Pediatrics 152: 812-816. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Saulnier, D.M., Riehle, K., Mistretta, T.A., Diaz, M.A., Mandal, D., Raza, S., Weidler, E.M., Qin, X., Coarfa, C., Milosavljevic, A., Petrosino, J.F., Highlander, S., Gibbs, R., Lynch, S.V., Shulman, R.J. and Versalovic, J., 2011. Gastrointestinal microbiome signatures of pediatric patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 141: 1782-1791. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Scheepers, L.E.J.M., Penders, J., Mbwaka, C.A., Thijs, C., Mommers, M. and Arts, I.C.W., 2015. The intestinal microbiota composition and weight development in children: the KOALA birth cohort study. International Journal of Obesity 39: 16-25. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Schutze, G.E. and Willoughby, R.E., 2013. Clostridium difficile in infants and children. Pediatrics 131: 196-200. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Schwille-Kiuntke, J., Mazurak, N. and Enck, P., 2015. Systematic review with meta-analysis: post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome after travellers’ diarrhoea. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 41: 1029-1037. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Sepp, E., Lõivukene, K.L., Julge, K., Voor, T. and Mikelsaar, M., 2013. The association of gut microbiota with body weight and body mass index in preschool children of Estonia. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 24: 1-6. Google Scholar
	Simrén, M., Barbara, G., Flint, H.J., Spiegel, B.M., Spiller, R.C., Vanner, S., Verdu, E.F., Whorwell, P.J. and Zoetendal, E.G, 2013. Intestinal microbiota in functional bowel disorders: a Rome foundation report. Gut 62: 159-176. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Singh, P. and Manning, S.D., 2016. Impact of age and sex on the composition and abundance of the intestinal microbiota in individuals with and without enteric infections. Annals of Epidemiology 26: 380-385. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Sonnenburg, J.L., Angenent, L.T. and Gordon, J.L., Getting a grip on things: how do communities of bacterial symbionts become established in our intestine? Nature Immunology 5: 569-573. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Szajewska, H. and Mrukowicz, J.Z., 2001. Probiotics in the treatment and prevention of acute infectious diarrhea in infants and children: a systematic review of published randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Journal of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition 33: S17-S25. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Tabbers, M.M., DiLorenzo, C., Berger, M.Y., Faure, C., Langendam, M.W., Nurko, S., Staiano, A., Vandenplas, Y., Benninga, M.A., European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition; North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, 2014. Evaluation and treatment of functional constipation in infants and children: evidence-based recommendations from ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN. Journal of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition 58: 258-274. Google Scholar
	Triantafyllou, K., Chang, C. and Pimentel, M., 2014. Methanogens, methane and gastrointestinal motility. Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility 20: 31-40. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Van Dijk, M., De Vries, G.-J., Last, B.F., Benninga, M.A. and Grootenhuis, M.A., 2014. Parental child-rearing attitudes are associated with functional constipation in childhood. Archives of Disease in Childhood 100: 329-333. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Vrieze, A., Holleman, F., Zoetendal, E.G. De Vos, W.M., Hoestra, J.B.L. and Nieuwdorp, M., 2010. The environment within: how gut microbiota may influence metabolism and body composition. Diabetologia 53: 606-613. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Wald, A. and Sigurdsson, L., 2011. Quality of life in children and adults with constipation. Best Practice and Research: Clinical Gastroenterology 25: 19-27. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Weizman, Z., Abu-Abed, J. and Binsztok, M., 2016. Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 for the management of functional abdominal pain in childhood: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Pediatrics 174: 160-164. Crossref, Google Scholar
	World Health Organization (WHO), 2015. Obesity and overweight. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en. Google Scholar
	Xu, P., Li, M., Zhang, J. and Zhang, T., 2012. Correlation of intestinal microbiota with overweight and obesity in Kazakh school children. BMC Microbiology 12: 283. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Yatsunenko, T., Rey, F.E., Manary, M.J., Trehan, I., Dominguez-Bello, M.G., Contreras, M., Magris, M., Hidalgo, G., Baldassano, R.N., Anokhin, A.P., Heath, A.C., Warner, B., Reeder, J., Kuczynski, J., Caporaso, J.G., Lozupone, C.A., Lauber, C., Clemente, J.C., Knights, D., Knight, R. and Gordon, J.I., 2012. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature 486: 222-227. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Zhu, L., Liu, W., Alkhouri, R., Baker, R.D., Bard, J.E., Quigley, E.M. and Baker, S.S., 2014. Structural changes in the gut microbiome of constipated patients. Physiological Genomics 46: 679-686. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Zoppi, G., Cinquetti, M., Luciano, A., Benini, A., Muner, A. and Bertazzoni Minelli, E., 1998. The intestinal ecosystem in chronic functional constipation. Acta Paediatrica 87: 836-841. Crossref, Google Scholar