Abbas, H.K., Mirocha, C.J. and Tuite, J., 1986. Natural occurrence of deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone in refusal factor corn stored since 1972. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 51: 841-843. Google Scholar
	Accensi, F., Pinton, P., Callu, P., Abella-Bourges, N., Guelfi, J.F., Grosjean, F. and Oswald, I.P., 2006. Ingestion of low doses of deoxynivalenol does not affect hematological, biochemical, or immune responses of piglets. Journal of Animal Science 84: 1935-1942. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Amuzie, C.J. and Pestka, J.J., 2010. Suppression of insulin-like growth factor acid-labile subunit expression – a novel mechanism for deoxynivalenol-induced growth retardation. Toxicological Science 113: 412-421. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Amuzie, C.J., Harkema, J.R. and Pestka, J.J., 2008. Tissue distribution and proinflammatory cytokine induction by the trichothecene deoxynivalenol in the mouse: comparison of nasal vs. oral exposure. Toxicology 248: 39-44. Google Scholar
	Amuzie, C.J., Shinozuka, J. and Pestka, J.J., 2009. Induction of suppressors of cytokine signaling by the trichothecene deoxynivalenol in the mouse. Toxicological Science 111: 277-287. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Arnold, D.L., McGuire, P.F., Nera, E.A., Karpinski, K.F., Bickis, M.G., Zawidzka, Z.Z., Fernie, S. and Vesonder, R.F., 1986. The toxicity of orally administered deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in rats and mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology 24: 935-941. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Azcona-Olivera, J.I., Ouyang, Y., Murtha, J., Chu, F.S. and Pestka, J.J., 1995. Induction of cytokine mRNAs in mice after oral exposure to the trichothecene vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol): relationship to toxin distribution and protein synthesis inhibition. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 133: 109-120. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Bae, H.K. and Pestka, J.J., 2008. Deoxynivalenol induces p38 interaction with the ribosome in monocytes and macrophages. Toxicological Science 105: 59-66. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Bae, H., Gray, J.S., Li, M., Vines, L., Kim, J. and Pestka, J.J., 2010. Hematopoetic cell kinase associates with the 40S ribosomal subunit and mediates the ribotoxic stress response to deoxynivalenol in mononuclear phagocytes. Toxicological Science 115: 444-452. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Bergsjo, B., Langseth, W., Nafstad, I., Jansen, J.H. and Larsen, H.J., 1993. The effects of naturally deoxynivalenol-contaminated oats on the clinical condition, blood parameters, performance and carcass composition of growing pigs. Veterinary Research Communications 17: 283-294. Google Scholar
	Bergsjo, B., Matre, T. and Nafstad, I., 1992. Effects of diets with graded levels of deoxynivalenol on performance in growing pigs. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin [Reihe A] 39: 752-758. Google Scholar
	Bhat, R.V., Beedu, S.R., Ramakrishna, Y. and Munshi, K.L., 1989. Outbreak of trichothecene mycotoxicosis associated with consumption of mould-damaged wheat production in Kashmir Valley, India. The Lancet 333: 35-37. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Borison, H.L., 1989. Area postrema: chemoreceptor circumventricular organ of the medulla oblongata. Progress in Neurobiology 32: 351-390. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Canady, R.A., Coker, R.D., Rgan, S.K., Krska, R., Kuiper-Goodman, T., Olsen, M., Pestka, J.J., Resnik, S. and Schlatter, J., 2001. Deoxynivalenol, safety evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food. Fifty-sixth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO Food Additives Series 47. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 420-555. Google Scholar
	Cecarini, V., Gee, J., Fioretti, E., Amici, M., Angeletti, M., Eleuteri, A.M. and Keller, J.N., 2007. Protein oxidation and cellular homeostasis: emphasis on metabolism. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1773: 93-104. Google Scholar
	Cherla, R.P., Lee, S.Y., Mees, P.L. and Tesh, V.L., 2006. Shiga toxin 1-induced cytokine production is mediated by MAP kinase pathways and translation initiation factor eIF4E in the macrophage-like THP-1 cell line. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 79: 397-407. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Cherla, R.P., Lee, S.Y., Mulder, R.A., Lee, M.S. and Tesh, V.L., 2009. Shiga toxin 1-induced proinflammatory cytokine production is regulated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. Infection and Immuninty 77: 3919-3931. Google Scholar
	Choi, H.J., Yang, H., Park, S.H. and Moon, Y., 2009. HuR/ELAVL1 RNA binding protein modulates interleukin-8 induction by muco-active ribotoxin deoxynivalenol. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 240: 46-54. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Chung, Y.J., Zhou, H.R. and Pestka, J.J., 2003. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional roles for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in upregulation of TNF-alpha expression by deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin). Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 193: 188-201. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Clark, D.E., Wellman, P.J., Harvey, R.B. and Lerma, M.S., 1987. Effects of vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) on conditioned saccharin aversion and food consumption in adult rats. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 27: 247-252. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Collins, T.F.X., Sprando, R.L., Black, T.N., Olejnik, N., Eppley, R.M., Hines, F.A., Rorie, J. and Ruggles, D.I., 2006. Effects of deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) on in utero development in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 44: 747-757. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Cote, L.M., Dahlem, A.M., Yoshizawa, T., Swanson, S.P. and Buck, W.B., 1986. Excretion of deoxynivalenol and its metabolite in milk, urine, and feces of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 69: 2416-2423. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Croker, B.A., Kiu, H. and Nicholson, S.E., 2008. SOCS regulation of the JAK/STAT signalling pathway. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology 19: 414-422. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Debouck, C., Haubruge, E., Bollaerts, P., Van Bignoot, D., Brostaux, Y., Werry, A. and Rooze, M., 2001. Skeletal deformities induced by the intraperitoneal administration of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in mice. International Orthopaedics 25: 194-198. Crossref, Google Scholar
	English, B.K., Ihle, J.N., Myracle, A. and Yi, T., 1993. Hck tyrosine kinase activity modulates tumor necrosis factor production by murine macrophages. Journal of Experimental Medicine 178: 1017-1022. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2009. Intake of grain products. Exposure factors handbook 2009 update (external review draft). US Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 12i-12A12. Google Scholar
	Eriksen, G.S. and Alexander, J., 1998. Fusarium toxins in cereals – a risk assessment. Nordic Council of Ministers, TemaNord 502, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 7-27 and 45-58. Google Scholar
	Eriksen, G.S. and Pettersson, H., 2004. Toxicological evaluation of trichothecenes in animal feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology 114: 205-239. Google Scholar
	Eriksen, G.S., Pettersson, H., Johnsen, K. and Lindberg, J.E., 2002. Transformation of trichothecenes in ileal digesta and faeces from pigs. Archives of Animal Nutrition-Archiv für Tierernährung 56: 263-274. Google Scholar
	Ernst, M., Inglese, M., Scholz, G.M., Harder, K.W., Clay, F.J., Bozinovski, S., Waring, P., Darwiche, R., Kay, T., Sly, P., Collins, R., Turner, D., Hibbs, M.L., Anderson, G.P. and Dunn, A.R., 2002. Constitutive activation of the SRC family kinase Hck results in spontaneous pulmonary inflammation and an enhanced innate immune response. Journal of Experimental Medicine 196: 589-604. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Fioramonti, J., Dupuy, C., Dupuy, J. and Bueno, L., 1993. The mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol, delays gastric emptying through serotonin-3 receptors in rodents. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 266: 1255-1260. Google Scholar
	Fornelli, F., Minervini, F. and Mulè, G., 2004. Cytotoxicity induced by nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisin B, in the SF-9 insect cell line. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology – Animal 40: 166-171. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Forsell, J.H., Jensen, R., Tai, J.H., Witt, M., Lin, W.S. and Pestka, J.J., 1987. Comparison of acute toxicities of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol in the B6C3F1 mouse. Food and Chemical Toxicology 25: 155-162. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Forsell, J.H., Witt, M.F., Tai, J.H., Jensen, R. and Pestka, J.J., 1986. Effects of 8-week exposure of the B6C3F1 mouse to dietary deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) and zearalenone. Food and Chemical Toxicology 24: 213-219. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Forsyth, D.M., Yoshizawa, T., Morooka, N. and Tuite, J., 1977. Emetic and refusal activity of deoxynivalenol to swine. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 34: 547-552. Google Scholar
	Friend, D.W., Trenholm, H.L., Elliot, J.I., Thompson, B.K. and Hartin, K.E., 1982. Effect of feeding vomitoxin-contaminated wheat to pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 62: 1211-1222. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Froquet, R., Sibiril, Y. and Parent-Massin, D., 2001. Trichothecene toxicity on human megakaryocyte progenitors (CFU-MK). Human and Experimental Toxicology 20: 84-89. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Gareis, M., Bauer, J. and Gedek, J., 1987. On the metabolism of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in the isolated perfused rat liver. Mycotoxin Research 3: 25-32. Google Scholar
	Goh, K.C., DeVeer, M.J. and Williams, B.R., 2000. The protein kinase PKR is required for p38 MAPK activation and the innate immune response to bacterial endotoxin. EMBO Journal 19: 4292-4297. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Gouze, M.E., Laffitte, J., Pinton, P., Dedieux, G., Galinier, A., Thouvenot, J.P., Loiseau, N., Oswald, I.P. and Galtier, P., 2007. Effect of subacute oral doses of nivalenol on immune and metabolic defence systems in mice. Veterinary Research 38: 635-646. Google Scholar
	Gray, J.S. and Pestka, J.J., 2007. Transcriptional regulation of deoxynivalenol-induced IL-8 expression in human monocytes. Toxicological Science 99: 502-511. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Gray, J.S., Bae, H.K., Li, J.C., Lau, A.S. and Pestka, J.J., 2008. Double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase mediates induction of interleukin-8 expression by deoxynivalenol, Shiga toxin 1, and ricin in monocytes. Toxicological Science 105: 322-330. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Grove, J.F., 1988. Non-macrocyclic trichothecenes. Natural Product Reports 5: 187-209. Google Scholar
	Grove, J.F., 1993. Macrocyclic trichothecenes. Natural Product Reports 10: 429-448. Google Scholar
	Grove, J.F., 2000. Non-macrocyclic trichothecenes. Part 2. Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 69: 1-70. Google Scholar
	He, K., Vines, L. and Pestka, J.J., 2010. Deoxynivalenol-induced modulation of microRNA expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages – a potential novel mechanism for translational inhibition. The Toxicologist (Toxicological Sciences Suppl.) 2010: 114. Google Scholar
	He, P., Young, L.G. and Forsberg, C., 1992. Microbial transformation of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 58: 3857-3863. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Hedman, R. and Pettersson, H., 1997. Transformation of nivalenol by gastrointestinal microbes. Archiv für Tierernährung 50: 321-329. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Hinoshita, F., Hashimoto, H., Hiroi, T., Kiyono, H., Ishikawa, H., Marumo, F. and Ueno, Y., 2000. Nivalenol as a possible risk in IgA nephropathy. Journal of the Japanese Association of Mycotoxicology 50: 45-51. Google Scholar
	Hinoshita, F., Suzuki, Y., Yokoyama, K., Hara, S., Yamada, A., Ogura, Y., Hashimoto, H., Tomura, S., Marumo, F. and Ueno, Y., 1997. Experimental IgA nephropathy induced by a low-dose environmental mycotoxin, nivalenol. Nephron 75: 469-478. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Hopton, R.P., Turner, E., Burley, V.J., Turner, P.C. and Fisher, J., 2010. Urine metabolite analysis as a function of deoxynivalenol exposure: an NMR-based metabolomics investigation. Food Additives and Contaminants Part A 27: 255-261. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Hsia, C.C., Wu, Z.Y., Li, Y.S., Zhang, F. and Sun, Z.T., 2004. Nivalenol, a main Fusarium toxin in dietary foods from high-risk areas of cancer of esophagus and gastric cardia in China, induced benign and malignant tumors in mice. Oncology Reports 12: 449-456. Google Scholar
	Hughes, D.M., Gahl, M.J., Graham, C.H. and Grieb, S.L., 1999. Overt signs of toxicity to dogs and cats of dietary deoxynivalenol. Journal of Animal Science 77: 693-700. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Hunder, G., Schumann, K., Strugala, G., Gropp, J., Fichtl, B. and Forth, W., 1991. Influence of subchronic exposure to low dietary deoxynivalenol, a trichothecene mycotoxin, on intestinal absorption of nutrients in mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology 29: 809-814. Crossref, Google Scholar
	International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 1993. Some naturally occurring substances: food items and constituents, heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins. Monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, Vol. 56. IARC, Lyon, France, 599 pp. Google Scholar
	Islam, Z. and Pestka, J.J., 2003a. Role of IL-1 beta in endotoxin potentiation of deoxynivalenol-induced corticosterone response and leukocyte apoptosis in mice. Toxicological Sciences 74: 93-102. Google Scholar
	Islam, Z. and Pestka, J.J., 2003b. Role of IL-1 beta in LPS potentiation of deoxynivalenol-induced leukocyte apoptosis in mice. Toxicological Sciences 72: 1605. Google Scholar
	Islam, Z. and Pestka, J.J., 2006. LPS priming potentiates and prolongs proinflammatory cytokine response to the trichothecene deoxynivalenol in the mouse. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 211: 53-63. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Islam, Z., Gray, J.S. and Pestka, J.J., 2006. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase mediates IL-8 induction by the ribotoxin deoxynivalenol in human monocytes. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 213: 235-244. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Islam, Z., King, L.E., Fraker, P.J. and Pestka, J.J., 2003. Differential induction of glucocorticoid-dependent apoptosis in murine lymphoid subpopulations in vivo following coexposure to lipopolysaccharide and vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol). Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 187: 69-79. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Islam, Z., Moon, Y.S., Zhou, H.R., King, L.E., Fraker, P.J. and Pestka, J.J., 2002. Endotoxin potentiation of trichothecene-induced lymphocyte apoptosis is mediated by up-regulation of glucocorticoids. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 180: 43-55. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Islam, Z., Nagase, M., Ota, A., Ueda, S., Yoshizawa, T. and Sakato, N., 1998a. Structure-function relationship of T-2 toxin and its metabolites in inducing thymic apoptosis in vivo in mice. Bioscience, Biotechnololy, and Biochemistry 62: 1492-1497. Google Scholar
	Islam, Z., Nagase, M., Yoshizawa, T., Yamauchi, K.E. and Sakato, N., 1998b. T-2 toxin induces thymic apoptosis in vivo in mice. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 148: 205-214. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Ito, Y., 1986. Effects of nivalenol on pregnancy and fetal development of mice. Mycotoxin Research 2: 71-77. Google Scholar
	Ito, Y., 1988. Embryotoxicity of oral nivalenol in mice. Maikotokishin (Tokyo) [in Japanese; only abstract available (in English)] 27: 33-36. Google Scholar
	Iverson, F., Armstrong, C., Nera, E., Truelove, J., Fernie, S., Scott, P., Stapley, R., Hayward, S. and Gunner, S., 1995. Chronic feeding study of deoxynivalenol in B6C3F1 male and female mice. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis 15: 283-306. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Jackson, L.S. and Bullerman, L.B., 1999. Effect of processing on Fusarium mycotoxins. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 459: 243-261. Google Scholar
	Jia, Q., Shi, Y., Bennink, M.B. and Pestka, J.J., 2004. Docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, but not alpha-linolenic acid, suppress deoxynivalenol-induced experimental IgA nephropathy in mice. Journal of Nutrition 134: 1353-1361. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Jia, Q., Zhou, H.R., Shi, Y. and Pestka, J.J., 2006. Docosahexaenoic acid consumption inhibits deoxynivalenol-induced CREB/ATF1 activation and IL-6 gene transcription in mouse macrophages. Journal of Nutrition 136: 366-372. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Joffe, A.Z., 1978. Fusarium poae and F. sporotichiodes as pricipal causal agents of alimentary toxic aleukia. In: Wyllie, T.D. and Morehouse, L.G. (eds.) Mycotoxic fungi, mycotoxins, mycotoxicoses: an encylcopedic handbook. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, USA, pp. 21-86. Google Scholar
	Khera, K.S., Arnold, D.L., Whalen, C., Angers, G. and Scott, P.M., 1984. Vomitoxin (4-deoxynivalenol): effects on reproduction of mice and rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 74: 345-356. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Khera, K.S., Whalen, C. and Angers, G., 1986. A teratology study on vomitoxin (4-deoxynivalenol) in rabbits. Food and Chemical Toxicology 24: 421-424. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Khera, K.S., Whalen, C., Angers, G., Vesonder, R.F. and Kuiper-Goodman, T., 1982. Embryotoxicity of 4-deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in mice. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 29: 487-491. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Kincaid, M.M. and Cooper, A.A., 2007. Misfolded proteins traffic from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) due to ER export signals. Molecular Biology of the Cell 18: 455-463. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Kinser, S., Jia, Q., Li, M., Laughter, A., Cornwell, P., Corton, J.C. and Pestka, J., 2004. Gene expression profiling in spleens of deoxynivalenol-exposed mice: immediate early genes as primary targets. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A 67: 1423-1441. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Kinser, S., Li, M.X., Jia, Q.S. and Pestka, J.J., 2005. Truncated deoxynivalenol-induced splenic immediate early gene response in mice consuming (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 16: 88-95. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Kolf-Clauw, M., Castellote, J., Joly, B., Bourges-Abella, N., Raymond-Letron, I., Pinton, P. and Oswald, I.P., 2009. Development of a pig jejunal explant culture for studying the gastrointestinal toxicity of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol: histopathological analysis. Toxicology in Vitro 23: 1580-1584. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Korcheva, V., Wong, J., Lindauer, M., Jacoby, D.B., Iordanov, M.S. and Magun, B., 2007. Role of apoptotic signaling pathways in regulation of inflammatory responses to ricin in primary murine macrophages. Molecular Immunology 44: 2761-2771. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Krantis, A. and Durst, T., 2002. Novel multi-ring organic compounds for regulating gut motility and food intake. Patent WO/2002/055522, 54 pp. Google Scholar
	Kubosaki, A., Aihara, M., Park, B.J., Sugiura, Y., Shibutani, M., Hirose, M., Suzuki, Y., Takatori, K. and Sugita-Konishi, Y., 2008. Immunotoxicity of nivalenol after subchronic dietary exposure to rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 46: 253-258. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Kuiper-Goodman, T., 1994. Prevention of mycotoxicses through risk management and risk assessment. In: Miller, J.D. and Trenholm, H.L. (eds.) Mycotoxins in grain. Eagan Press, St.Paul, MN, USA, pp. 439-469. Google Scholar
	Lake, B.G., Phillips, J.C., Walters, D.G., Bayley, D.L., Cook, M.W., Thomas, L.V., Gilbert, J., Startin, J.R., Baldwin, N.C. and Bycroft, B.W., 1987. Studies on the metabolism of deoxynivalenol in the rat. Food and Chemical Toxicology 25: 589-592. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Lautraite, S., Parent, M.D., Rio, B. and Hoellinger, H., 1997. In vitro toxicity induced by deoxynivalenol (DON) on human and rat granulomonocytic progenitors. Cell Biology and Toxicology 13: 175-183. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Le Drean, G., Auffret, M., Batina, P., Arnold, F., Sibiril, Y., Arzur, D. and Parent-Massin, D., 2005. Myelotoxicity of trichothecenes and apoptosis: an in vitro study on human cord blood CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor. Toxicology in Vitro 19: 1015-1024. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Le Loir, Y., Baron, F. and Gautier, M., 2003. Staphylococcus aureus and food poisoning. Genetics and Molecular Research 2: 63-76. Google Scholar
	Lewis, C.W., Smith, J.E., Anderson, J.G. and Freshney, R.I., 1999. Increased cytotoxicity of food-borne mycotoxins toward human cell lines in vitro via enhanced cytochrome p450 expression using the MTT bioassay. Mycopathologia 148: 97-102. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Leyva-Illades, D., Cherla, R.P., Galindo, C.L., Chopra, A.K. and Tesh, V.L., 2010. Global transcriptional response of macrophage-like THP-1 cells to Shiga toxin type 1. Infection and Immunity 78: 2454-2465. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Li, M.X. and Pestka, J.J., 2008. Comparative induction of 28S ribosomal RNA cleavage by ricin and the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin in the macrophage. Toxicological Sciences 105: 67-78. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Li, P.K.T., Leung, C.B., Chow, K.M., Cheng, Y.L., Fung, S.K.S., Mak, S.K., Tang, A.W.C., Wong, T.Y.H., Yung, C.Y., Yung, J.C.U., Yu, A.W.Y., Szeto, C.C. and HKVIN study group, 2006. Hong Kong study using valsartan in IgA nephropathy (HKVIN): a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 47: 751-760. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Li, S., Ouyang, Y., Yang, G.H. and Pestka, J.J., 2000. Modulation of transcription factor AP-1 activity in murine EL-4 thymoma cells by vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol). Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 163: 17-25. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Li, S.G., Ouyang, Y.L., Dong, W.M. and Pestka, J.J., 1997. Superinduction of IL-2 gene expression by vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) involves increased mRNA stability. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 147: 331-342. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Li, Y., 2007. Sensory signal transduction in the vagal primary afferent neurons. Current Medicinal Chemistry 14: 2554-2563. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Luo, X., 1994. Food poisoning caused by Fusarium toxins, 1994. In: Proceedings of the Second Asian Conference on Food Safety. ILSI, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 129-136. Google Scholar
	Luongo, D., Severino, L., Bergamo, P., D'Arienzo, R. and Rossi, M., 2010. Trichothecenes NIV and DON modulate the maturation of murine dendritic cells. Toxicon 55: 73-80. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Madej, M., Lundh, T. and Lindberg, J.E., 1999. Effect of exposure to dietary nivalenol on activity of enzymes involved in glutamine catabolism in the epithelium along the gastrointestinal tract of growing pigs. Archives of Animal Nutrition 52: 275-284. Google Scholar
	Maresca, M., Mahfoud, R., Garmy, N. and Fantini, J., 2002. The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol affects nutrient absorption in human intestinal epithelial cells. Journal of Nutrition 132: 2723-2731. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Maresca, M., Yahi, N., Younes-Sakr, L., Boyron, M., Caporiccio, B. and Fantini, J., 2008. Both direct and indirect effects account for the pro-inflammatory activity of enteropathogenic mycotoxins on the human intestinal epithelium: stimulation of interleukin-8 secretion, potentiation of interleukin-1 beta effect and increase in the transepithelial passage of commensal bacteria. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 228: 84-92. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Marzocco, S., Russo, R., Bianco, G., Autore, G. and Severino, L., 2009. Pro-apoptotic effects of nivalenol and deoxynivalenol trichothecenes in J774A.1 murine macrophages. Toxicology Letters 189: 21-26. Google Scholar
	Matsuoka, Y., Kubota, K. and Ueno, Y., 1979. General pharmacological studies of fusarenon-X, a trichothecene mycotoxin from Fusiarium species. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 50: 87-94. Crossref, Google Scholar
	McMullen, M., Jones, R. and Gallenberg, D., 1997. Scab of wheat and barley: a re-emerging disease of devasting impact. Plant Disease 81: 1340-1348. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Meky, F.A., Turner, P.C., Ashcroft, A.E., Miller, J.D., Qiao, Y.L., Roth, M.J. and Wild, C.P., 2003. Development of a urinary biomarker of human exposure to deoxynivalenol. Food and Chemical Toxicology 41: 265-273. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Miura, K., Nakajima, Y., Yamanaka, N., Terao, K., Shibato, T. and Ishino, S., 1998. Induction of apoptosis with fusarenon-X in mouse thymocytes. Toxicology 127: 195-206. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Moon, Y. and Pestka, J.J., 2002. Vomitoxin-induced cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in macrophages mediated by activation of ERK and p38 but not JNK mitogen-activated protein kinases. Toxicological Sciences 69: 373-382. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Moon, Y. and Pestka, J.J., 2003. Deoxynivalenol-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and IL-6 expression in mice suppressed by fish oil. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 14: 717-726. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Moon, Y., Uzarski, R. and Pestka, J.J., 2003. Relationship of trichothecene structure to COX-2 induction in the macrophage: selective action of type B (8-keto) trichothecenes. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A 66: 1967-1983. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Morrissey, R.E., 1984. Teratological study of Fischer rats fed diet containing added vomitoxin. Food and Chemical Toxicology 22: 453-457. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Morrissey, R.E. and Vesonder, R.F., 1985. Effect of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) on fertility, pregnancy, and postnatal development of Sprague-Dawley rats. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 49: 1062-1066. Google Scholar
	Nagase, M., Alam, M.M., Tsushima, A., Yoshizawa, T. and Sakato, N., 2001. Apoptosis induction by T-2 toxin: activation of caspase-9, caspase-3, and DFF-40/CAD through cytosolic release of cytochrome c in HL-60 cells. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 65: 1741-1747. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Nagashima, H., Nakagawa, H., Kushiro, M. and Iwashita, K., 2009. The in vitro approach to the cytotoxicity of a trichothecene mycotoxin nivalenol. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly 43: 7-11. Google Scholar
	Nejdfors, P., Ekelund, M., Jeppsson, B. and Westrom, B.R., 2000. Mucosal in vitro permeability in the intestinal tract of the pig, the rat, and man: spe. Scandinavean Journal of Gastroenterology 35: 501-507. Google Scholar
	Nielsen, C., Lippke, H., Didier, A., Dietrich, R. and Martlbauer, E., 2009. Potential of deoxynivalenol to induce transcription factors in human hepatoma cells. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 53: 479-491. Google Scholar
	Ohtsubo, K., Ryu, J.C., Nakamura, K., Izumiyama, N., Tanaka, T., Yamamura, H., Kobayashi, T. and Ueno, Y., 1989. Chronic toxicity of nivalenol in female mice: a 2-year feeding study with Fusarium nivale Fn 2B-moulded rice. Food and Chemical Toxicology 27: 591-598. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Onji, Y., Dohi, Y., Aoki, Y., Moriyama, T., Nagami, H., Uno, M., Tanaka, T. and Yamazoe, Y., 1989. Deepoxynivalenol – a new metabolite of nivalenol found in the excreta of orally-administered rats. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 37: 478-481. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Ossenkopp, K.P., Hirst, M. and Rapley, W.A., 1994. Deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin)-induced conditioned taste aversions in rats are mediated by the chemosensitive area postrema. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 47: 363-367. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Ouyang, Y.L., Li, S. and Pestka, J.J., 1996. Effects of vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) on transcription factor NF-kappa B/Rel binding activity in murine EL-4 thymoma and primary CD4+ T cells. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 140: 328-336. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Parent-Massin, D., 2004. Haematotoxicity of trichothecenes. Toxicology Letters 153: 75-81. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Paterson, R.R.M. and Lima, N., 2010. How will climate change affect mycotoxins in food? Food Research International 43: 1902-1914. Google Scholar
	Pestka, J.J., 2003. Deoxynivalenol-induced IgA production and IgA nephropathy-aberrant mucosal immune response with systemic repercussions. Toxicology Letters 140-141: 287-295. Google Scholar
	Pestka, J.J., 2007. Deoxynivalenol: toxicity, mechanisms and animal health risks. Animal Feed Science and Technology 137: 283-298. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Pestka, J.J., 2008. Mechanisms of deoxynivalenol-induced gene expression and apoptosis. Food Additives and Contaminants Part A 25: 1128-1140. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Pestka, J.J. and Amuzie, C.J., 2008. Tissue distribution and proinflammatory cytokine gene expression following acute oral exposure to deoxynivalenol: comparison of weanling and adult mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology 46: 2826-2831. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Pestka, J.J., Islam, Z. and Amuzie, C.J., 2008. Immunochemical assessment of deoxynivalenol tissue distribution following oral exposure in the mouse. Toxicology Letters 178: 83-87. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Pestka, J.J., Lin, W.S. and Forsell, J.H., 1986. Decreased feed consumption and body-weight gain in the B6C3F1 mouse after dietary exposure to 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol. Food and Chemical Toxicology 24: 1309-1313. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Pestka, J.J., Lin, W.S. and Miller, E.R., 1987. Emetic activity of the trichothecene 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol in swine. Food and Chemical Toxicology 25: 855-858. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Pestka, J.J., Uzarski, R.L. and Islam, Z., 2005. Induction of apoptosis and cytokine production in the Jurkat human T cells by deoxynivalenol: role of mitogen-activated protein kinases and comparison to other 8-ketotrichothecenes. Toxicology 206: 207-219. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Pestka, J.J., Yan, D. and King, L.E., 1994. Flow cytometric analysis of the effects of in vitro exposure to vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) on apoptosis in murine T, B and IgA+ cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology 32: 1125-1136. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Pestka, J.J., Zhou, H.R., Moon, Y. and Chung, Y.J., 2004. Cellular and molecular mechanisms for immune modulation by deoxynivalenol and other trichothecenes: unraveling a paradox. Toxicology Letters 153: 61-73. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Pieters, M.N., Freijer, J., Baars, B.J., Fiolet, D.C.M., Van Klaveren, J. and Slob, W., 2002. Risk assessment of deoxynivalenol in food: concentration limits, exposure and effects. In: DeVries, J.W., Trucksess, M.W. and Jackson, L.S. (eds.) Mycotoxins and food safety. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. Kluwer Academic, New York, NY, USA, pp. 235-248. Google Scholar
	Pinton, P., Nougayrede, J.P., Del Rio, J.C., Moreno, C., Marin, D.E., Ferrier, L., Bracarense, A.P., Kolf-Clauw, M. and Oswald, I.P., 2009. The food contaminant deoxynivalenol, decreases intestinal barrier permeability and reduces claudin expression. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 237: 41-48. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Poapolathep, A., Kumagai, S., Suzuki, H. and Doi, K., 2004. Development of early apoptosis and changes in T-cell subsets in mouse thymocyte primary cultures treated with nivalenol. Experimental and Molecular Pathology 77: 149-152. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Poapolathep, A., Ohtsuka, R., Kiatipattanasakul, W., Ishigami, N., Nakayama, H. and Doi, K., 2002. Nivalenol-induced apoptosis in thymus, spleen and Peyer's patches of mice. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 53: 441-446. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Poapolathep, A., Sugita-Konishi, Y., Doi, K. and Kumagai, S., 2003. The fates of trichothecene mycotoxins, nivalenol and fusarenon-X, in mice. Toxicon 41: 1047-1054. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Prelusky, D.B., 1993. The effect of low-level deoxynivalenol on neurotransmitter levels measured in pig cerebral spinal fluid. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B 28: 731-761. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Prelusky, D.B., 1994. The effect of deoxynivalenol on serotoninergic neurotransmitter levels in pig blood. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B 29: 1203-1218. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Prelusky, D.B. and Trenholm, H.L., 1991a. Non-accumulation of residues in swine consuming deoxynivalenol-contaminated diets. Journal of Food Science 57: 801-802. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Prelusky, D.B. and Trenholm, H.L., 1991b. Tissue distribution of deoxynivalenol in swine dosed intravenously. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 39: 748-752. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Prelusky, D.B. and Trenholm, H.L., 1993. The efficacy of various classes of anti-emetics in preventing deoxynivalenol-induced vomiting in swine. Natural Toxins 1: 296-302. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Prelusky, D.B., Gerdes, R.G., Underhill, K.L., Rotter, B.A., Jui, P.Y. and Trenholm, H.L., 1994. Effects of low-level dietary deoxynivalenol on haematological and clinical parameters of the pig. Natural Toxins 2: 97-104. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Prelusky, D.B., Hamilton, R.M. and Trenholm, H.L., 1989. Transmission of residues to eggs following long-term administration of 14C-labelled deoxynivalenol to laying hens. Poultry Science 68: 744-748. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Prelusky, D.B., Hartin, K.E., Trenholm, H.L. and Miller, J.D., 1988. Pharmacokinetic fate of 14C-labeled deoxynivalenol in swine. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 10: 276-286. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Prelusky, D.B., Rotter, B.A., Thompson, B.K. and Trenholm, H.L., 1997. Effect of the appetite stimulant cyproheptadine on deoxynivalenol-induced reductions in feed consumption and weight gain in the mouse. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B 32: 429-448. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Pronk, M.E.J., Schothorst, R.C. and Van Egmond, H.P., 2002. Toxicology and occurrence of nivalenol, fusarenon X, diacetoxyscirpenol, neosolaniol and 3-and 15-acetylydeoxynivalenol: a review of six trichothecenes. RIVM Report 388802024/2002, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands, pp. 1-75. Google Scholar
	Rio, B., Lautraite, S. and Parent-Massin, D., 1997. In vitro toxicity of trichoethecenes on human erythroblastic progenitors. Human and Experimental Toxicology 16: 673-679. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Robbana-Barnat, S., Loridon-Rosa, B., Cohen, H., Lafarge-Frayssinet, C., Neish, G.A. and Frayssinet, C., 1987. Protein synthesis inhibition and cardiac lesions associated with deoxynivalenol ingestion in mice. Food Additives and Contaminants 4: 49-56. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Rotter, B.A., Prelusky, D.B. and Pestka, J.J., 1996. Toxicology of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin). Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A 48: 1-34. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Rotter, B.A., Thompson, B.K., Lessard, M., Trenholm, H.L. and Tryphonas, H., 1994a. Influence of low-level exposure to Fusarium mycotoxins on selected immunological and hematological parameters in young swine. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 23: 117-124. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Rotter, B.A., Thompson, B.K. and Rotter, R.G., 1994b. Optimization of the mouse bioassay for deoxynivalenol as an alternative to large animal studies. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 53: 642-647. Google Scholar
	Ryu, J.-C., Ohtsubo, K., Izumiyama, N., Nakamura, K., Tanaka, T., Yamamura, H. and Ueno, Y., 1988. The acute and chronic toxicities of nivalenol in mice. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 11: 38-47. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Scientific Committee on Food (SCF), 2002. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on Fusarium toxins. Part 6: Group evaluation of T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, nivalenol and deoxynivalenol. SCF/CS/ CNTM/MYC/27 Final. Available at: http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scf/out123_en.pdf Google Scholar
	Schoeni, J.L. and Wong, A.C., 2005. Bacillus cereus food poisoning and its toxins. Journal of Food Protection 68: 636-648. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Sergent, T., Parys, M., Garsou, S., Pussemier, L., Schneider, Y.J. and Larondelle, Y., 2006. Deoxynivalenol transport across human intestinal Caco-2 cells and its effects on cellular metabolism at realistic intestinal concentrations. Toxicology Letters 164: 167-176. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Severino, L., Luongo, D., Bergamo, P., Lucisano, A. and Rossi, M., 2006. Mycotoxins nivalenol and deoxynivalenol differentially modulate cytokine mRNA expression in Jurkat T cells. Cytokine 36: 75-82. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Shi, Y., Porter, K., Parameswaran, N., Bae, H.K. and Pestka, J.J., 2009a. Role of GRP78/BiP degradation and ER stress in deoxynivalenol-induced interleukin-6 upregulation in the macrophage. Toxicological Sciences 109: 247-255. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Shi, Y.H., Porter, K., Parameswaran, N., Bae, H.K. and Pestka, J.J., 2009b. Role of GRP78/BiP degradation and ER stress in deoxynivalenol-induced interleukin-6 upregulation in the macrophage (erratum). Toxicological Sciences 110: 249-250. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Shifrin, V.I. and Anderson, P., 1999. Trichothecene mycotoxins trigger a ribotoxic stress response that activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and induces apoptosis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 274: 13985-13992. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Sprando, R.L., Collins, T.F.X., Black, T.N., Olejnik, N., Rorie, J.I., Eppley, R.M. and Ruggles, D.I., 2005. Characterization of the effect of deoxynivalenol on selected male reproductive endpoints. Food and Chemical Toxicology 43: 623-635. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Starkey, D.E., Ward, T.J., Aoki, T., Gale, L.R., Kistler, H.C., Geiser, D.M., Suga, H., Toth, B., Varga, J. and O'Donnell, K., 2007. Global molecular surveillance reveals novel Fusarium head blight species and trichothecene toxin diversity. Fungal Genetics and Biology 44: 1191-1204. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Sugita-Konishi, Y. and Nakajiima, T., 2010. Nivalenol: the mycology, occurrence, toxicology, analysis and regulation. In: Rai, M. and Varma, A. (eds.) Mycotoxins in food, feed and bioweapons. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 253-273. Google Scholar
	Sugita-Konishi, Y. and Pestka, J.J., 2001. Differential upregulation of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 production by deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) and other 8-ketotrichothecenes in a human macrophage model. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A 64: 619-636. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Sugiyama, K., Muroi, M., Tanamoto, K., Nishijima, M. and Sugita-Konishi, Y., 2010. Deoxynivalenol and nivalenol inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production by mouse macrophage cells. Toxicology Letters 192: 150-154. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Swanson, S.P., Helaszek, C., Buck, W.B., Rood Jr., H.D. and Haschek, W.M., 1988. The role of intestinal microflora in the metabolism of trichothecene mycotoxins. Food and Chemical Toxicology 26: 823-829. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Szelenyi, I., Herold, H. and Gothert, M., 1994. Emesis induced in domestic pigs: a new experimental tool for detection of antiemetic drugs and for evaluation of emetogenic potential of new anticancer agents. Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods 32: 109-116. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Takahashi, M., Shibutani, M., Sugita-Konishi, Y., Aihara, M., Inoue, K., Woo, G.H., Fujimoto, H. and Hirose, M., 2008. A 90-day subchronic toxicity study of nivalenol, a trichothecene mycotoxin, in F344 rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 46: 125-135. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Tatsuno, T., Saito, M., Enomoto, M. and Tsunoda, H., 1968. Nivalenol a toxic principle of Fusarium nivale. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 16: 2519-2520. Google Scholar
	Tep, J., Videmann, B., Mazallon, M., Balleydier, S., Cavret, S. and Lecoeur, S., 2007. Transepithelial transport of fusariotoxin nivalenol: mediation of secretion by ABC transporters. Toxicology Letters 170: 248-258. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Ting, J.P.Y., Duncan, J.A. and Lei, Y., 2010. How the noninflammasome NLRs function in the innate immune system. Science 327: 286-290. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Trenholm, H.L., Hamilton, R.M., Friend, D.W., Thompson, B.K. and Hartin, K.E., 1984. Feeding trials with vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol)-contaminated wheat: effects on swine, poultry, and dairy cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 185: 527-531. Google Scholar
	Tritscher, A.M. and Page, S.W., 2004. The risk assessment paradigm and its application for trichothecenes. Toxicology Letters 153: 155-163. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Tryphonas, H., Iverson, F., So, Y., Nera, E.A., McGuire, P.F., O'Grady, L., Clayson, D.B. and Scott, P.M., 1986. Effects of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) on the humoral and cellular immunity of mice. Toxicology Letters 30: 137-150. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Tsuda, S., Kosaka, Y., Murakami, M., Matsuo, H., Matsusaka, N., Taniguchi, K. and Sasaki, Y.F., 1998. Detection of nivalenol genotoxicity in cultured cells and multiple mouse organs by the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis assay. Mutation Research 415: 191-200. Google Scholar
	Tsygankov, A.Y. and Shore, S.K., 2004. Src: regulation, role in human carcinogenesis and pharmacological inhibitors. Current Pharmaceutical Design 10: 1745-1756. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Turner, P.C., 2010. Deoxynivalenol and nivalenol occurrence and exposure assessment. World Mycotoxin Journal 3: 315-321 Wageningen Academic Publishers, Google Scholar
	Turner, P.C., Hopton, R.P., Lecluse, Y., White, K.L., Fisher, J. and Lebailly, P., 2010. Determinants of urinary deoxynivalenol and de-epoxy deoxynivalenol in male farmers from Normandy, France. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58: 5206-5212. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Turner, P.C., Taylor, E.F., White, K.L.M., Cade, J.E. and Wild, C.P., 2009. A comparison of 24 h urinary deoxynivalenol with recent v. average cereal consumption for UK adults. British Journal of Nutrition 102: 1276-1284. Google Scholar
	Ueno, Y., 1983. General toxicology. In: Ueno, Y. (ed.) Trichothecenes: chemical, biological, and toxicological aspects. Elsevier, New York, NY, USA, pp. 135-146. Google Scholar
	Ueno, Y., 1984. Toxicological features of T-2 toxin and related trichothecenes. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 4: S124-S132. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Ueno, Y., Kobayashi, T., Yamamura, H., Kato, T., Tashiro, F., Nakamura, K. and Ohtsubo, K., 1991. Effect of long-term feeding of nivalenol on aflatoxin B1-initiated hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. IARC Scientific Publications 105: 420-423. Google Scholar
	Ueno, Y., Yabe, T., Hashimoto, H., Sekijima, M., Masuda, T., Kim, D.J., Hasegawa, R. and Ito, N., 1992. Enhancement of Gst-P-positive liver-cell foci development by nivalenol, a trichothecene mycotoxin. Carcinogenesis 13: 787-791. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Uzarski, R.L. and Pestka, J.J., 2003. Comparative susceptibility of B cells with different lineages to cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction by translational inhibitors. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A 66: 2105-2118. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Uzarski, R.L., Islam, Z. and Pestka, J.J., 2003. Potentiation of trichothecene-induced leukocyte cytotoxicity and apoptosis by TNF-alpha and Fas activation. Chemical and Biological Interactions 146: 105-119. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Van der Heyden, S., Goossens, J., Vandenbroucke, V., Vercauteren, G., Chiers, K., Pasmans, F., Haesebrouck, F., De Backer, P., Croubels, S. and Ducatelle, R., 2009. Reduced expression of intestinal P-glycoprotein following ingestion of deoxynivalenol (DON) contaminatad feed in pigs. Journal of Comparative Pathology 141: 272. Google Scholar
	Vesonder, R.F., Ciegler, A. and Jensen, A.H., 1973. Isolation of the emetic principle from Fusarium-infected corn. Applied Microbiology 26: 1008-1010. Google Scholar
	Voss, K.A., 2010. A new perspective on deoxynivalenol and growth suppression. Toxicological Sciences 113: 281-283. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Williams, B.R., 2001. Signal integration via PKR. Science's STKE 2001: RE2. Google Scholar
	Williams, K.C. and Blaney, B.J., 1994. Effect of the mycotoxins, nivalenol and zearalenone, in maize naturally infected with Fusarium graminearum on the performance of growing and pregnant pigs. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45: 1265-1279. Google Scholar
	Wong, S., Schwartz, R.C. and Pestka, J.J., 2001. Superinduction of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in macrophages by vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) modulated by mRNA stabilization. Toxicology 161: 139-149. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Wong, S.S., Zhou, H.R. and Pestka, J.J., 2002. Effects of vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) on the binding of transcription factors AP-1, NF-kappaB, and NF-IL6 in raw 264.7 macrophage cells. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A 65: 1161-1180. Google Scholar
	Worrell, N.R., Mallett, A.K., Cook, W.M., Baldwin, N.C. and Shepherd, M.J., 1989. The role of gut micro-organisms in the metabolism of deoxynivalenol administered to rats. Xenobiotica 19: 25-32. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Xu, J., Yang, S., Cai, S., Dong, J., Li, X. and Chen, Z., 2010. Identification of biochemical changes in lactovegetarian urine using 1H NMR spectroscopy and pattern recognition. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 396: 1451-1463. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Yang, G.H., Jarvis, B.B., Chung, Y.J. and Pestka, J.J., 2000a. Apoptosis induction by the satratoxins and other trichothecene mycotoxins: relationship to ERK, p38 MAPK, and SAPK/JNK activation. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 164: 149-160. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Yang, G.H., Li, S. and Pestka, J.J., 2000b. Down-regulation of the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone GRP78/BiP by vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol). Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 162: 207-217. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Yorimitsu, T. and Klionsky, D.J., 2005. Autophagy: molecular machinery for self-eating. Cell Death and Differentiation 12 Suppl. 2: 1542-1552. Google Scholar
	Yoshino, N., Takizawa, M., Akiba, H., Okumura, H., Tashiro, F., Honda, M. and Ueno, Y., 1996. Transient elevation of intracellular calcium ion levels as an early event in T-2 toxin-induced apoptosis in human promyelotic cell line HL-60. Natural Toxins 4: 234-241. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Yoshizawa, T., 1983. Red-mold diseases and natural occurence in Japan. In: Ueno, Y. (ed.) Trichothecenes, chemical, biological, and toxicological aspects. Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, pp. 195-209. Google Scholar
	Yoshizawa, T. and Morooka, N., 1973. Deoxynivalenol and its monoacetate: new mycotoxins from Fusaruium roseum and moldy barley. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 37: 2933-2934. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Yoshizawa, T. and Morooka, N., 1977. Trichothecenes in mold infested cereals in Japan. In: Rodricks, J.V., Hesseltine, C.W. and Mehlman, M.A. (eds.) Mycotoxins in human and animal health. Pathotox Publishers Inc., Park Forest South, IL, USA, pp. 309-321. Google Scholar
	Yoshizawa, T., Cote, L.M., Swanson, S.P. and Buck, W.B., 1986. Confirmation of DOM-1, a de-epoxidation metabolite of deoxynivalenol, in biological fluids of lactating cows. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 50: 227-229. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Young, L.G., McGirr, L., Valli, V.E., Lumsden, J.H. and Lun, A., 1983. Vomitoxin in corn fed to young pigs. Journal of Animal Science 57: 655-664. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Zhang, J.B., Li, H.P., Dang, F.J., Qu, B., Xu, Y.B., Zhao, C.S. and Liao, Y.C., 2007. Determination of the trichothecene mycotoxin chemotypes and associated geographical distribution and phylogenetic species of the Fusarium graminearum clade from China. Mycological Research 111: 967-975. Google Scholar
	Zhou, H.R., Harkema, J.R., Hotchkiss, J.A., Yan, D., Roth, R.A. and Pestka, J.J., 2000. Lipopolysaccharide and the trichothecene vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) synergistically induce apoptosis in murine lymphoid organs. Toxicological Science 53: 253-263. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Zhou, H.R., Harkema, J.R., Yan, D. and Pestka, J.J., 1999. Amplified proinflammatory cytokine expression and toxicity in mice coexposed to lipopolysaccharide and the trichothecene vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol). Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A 57: 115-136. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Zhou, H.R., Islam, Z. and Pestka, J.J., 2003a. Kinetics of lipopolysaccharide-induced transcription factor activation/inactivation and relation to proinflammatory gene expression in the murine spleen. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 187: 147-161. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Zhou, H.R., Islam, Z. and Pestka, J.J., 2003b. Rapid, sequential activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and transcription factors precedes proinflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in spleens of mice exposed to the trichothecene vomitoxin. Toxicological Science 72: 130-142. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Zhou, H.R., Islam, Z. and Pestka, J.J., 2005a. Induction of competing apoptotic and survival signaling pathways in the macrophage by the ribotoxic trichothecene deoxynivalenol. Toxicological Science 87: 113-122. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Zhou, H.R., Jia, Q. and Pestka, J.J., 2005b. Ribotoxic stress response to the trichothecene deoxynivalenol in the macrophage involves the SRC family kinase Hck. Toxicological Science 85: 916-926. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Zhou, H.R., Lau, A.S. and Pestka, J.J., 2003c. Role of double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase R (PKR) in deoxynivalenol-induced ribotoxic stress response. Toxicological Science 74: 335-344. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Zhou, H.R., Yan, D. and Pestka, J.J., 1997. Differential cytokine mRNA expression in mice after oral exposure to the trichothecene vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol): dose response and time course. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 144: 294-305. Crossref, Google Scholar
	Zhou, H.R., Yan, D. and Pestka, J.J., 1998. Induction of cytokine gene expression in mice after repeated and subchronic oral exposure to vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol): differential toxininduced hyporesponsiveness and recovery. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 151: 347-358. Crossref, Google Scholar