Bandura, A., 1997. Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. Freeman, New York, NY, USA.
Google Scholar
Beauchamp, M.R. and Whinton, L.C., 2005. Self-efficacy and other-efficacy in dyadic performance: riding as one in equestrian eventing. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 27: 245-252.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Besharat, M.A. and Pourbohlool, S., 2011. Moderating effects of self-confidence and sport self-efficacy on the relationship between competitive anxiety and sport performance. Psychology 2: 760-765.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bridgeman, D., Pretty, G. and Terry, P.C., 2013. Identifying interactive components of the horse-rider partnership during competition dressage. Journal of Veterinary Behavior Clinical Applications and Research 8: 29.
Google Scholar
British Eventing, 2009. British eventing. Available at: http://www.britisheventing.com/asp-net/page.aspx?Section=681 Google Scholar
British Eventing, 2016. British eventing – safety report 2016. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/y2xmpfxp Google Scholar
Burbage, J. and Cameron, L., 2017. An investigation into the prevalence and impact of breast pain, bra issues and breast size on female horse riders. Journal of Sports Sciences 35: 1091-1097.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Callow, N. and Waters, A., 2005. The effect kinesthetic imagery on the sport confidence of flat-race horse jockeys. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 6: 443-459.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Chamove, A., Crawley-Hartrick, O. and Stafford, K., 2002. Horse reactions to human attitudes and behaviour. Anthrozoos 15: 323-331.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, W., Hardy, L. and Markland, D., 2009. Toward a three-dimensional conceptualization of performance anxiety: rationale and initial measurement development. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 10: 271-278.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Clark, T., Lisboa, T. and Williamon, A., 2014. An investigation into musicians’ thoughts and perceptions during performance. Research Studies in Music Education 36: 19-37.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Cox, R.H., Martens, M.P. and Russell, W.D., 2003. Measuring anxiety in athletics: the revised competitive state anxiety inventory – 2. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 25: 519-533.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Dearaugo, J., Mclaren, S., Mcmanus, P. and Mcgreevy, P., 2016. Improving the understanding of psychological factors contributing to horse-related accident and injury: context, loss of focus, cognitive errors and rigidity. Animals 6: 12.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Dias, C., Cruz, J.F. and Fonseca, A.M., 2012. The relationship between multidimensional competitive anxiety, cognitive threat appraisal, and coping strategies: a multi-sport study. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 10: 52-65.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Erceg, M., Milić, M. and Živković, V., 2013. Pre-competitive anxiety in soccer players. PSEH 2: 3-8.
Google Scholar
Grossbard, J.R., Smith, R.E., Smoll, F.L. and Cumming, S.P., 2009. Competitive anxiety in young athletes: differentiating somatic anxiety, worry, and concentration disruption. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping 22: 153-160.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gurrola, O.C., Pineda-Espejel, H.A., López-Walle, J., Rodriguez, J.T., Ceballos, O. and Villanueva, M., 2013. Pre-competitive anxiety and self-confidence in PAN American gymnasts. Science of Gymnastics Journal 5: 39-48.
Google Scholar
Hagan, J.E., Pollmann, D. and Schack, T., 2017. Elite athletes’ in-event competitive anxiety responses and psychological skills usage under differing conditions. Frontiers in Psychology 8: 2280.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hanin, Y.L., 2010. Coping with anxiety in sport. In: Nicholls, A.R. (ed.) Coping in sport: theory, methods, and related constructs. Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY, USA, pp. 159-175.
Google Scholar
Hanton, S. and Connaughton, D., 2002. Perceived control of anxiety and its relationship to self-confidence and performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 73: 87-97.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hanton, S., Neil, R. and Mellalieu, S.D., 2008. Recent developments in competitive anxiety direction and competition stress research. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 1: 45-57.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hart, J. and Furnham, A., 2016. Personality and performance in eventing. Psychology 7: 1267.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hatzigerorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Mpoumpaki, S. and Theodorakis, Y., 2009. Mechanisms underlying the self-talk-performance relationship: the effects of motivational self-talk on self-confidence and anxiety. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 10: 186-192.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hausberger, M., Roche, H., Henry, S. and Visser, E.K., 2008. A review of the human – horse relationship. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 109: 1-24.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hays, K., Maynard, I., Thomas, O. and Bawden, M., 2007. Sources and types of confidence identified by world class sport performers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 19: 434-456.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hays, K., Thomas, O., Maynard, I. and Bawden, M., 2009. The role of confidence in world-class sport performance. Journal of Sports Sciences 27: 1185-1199.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Huberty, C. and Olejnik, S., 2006. Applied MANOVA and discriminant analysis, 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, NY, USA.
Google Scholar
Johnson, J. and Wood, A.M., 2017. Integrating positive and clinical psychology: viewing human functioning as continua from positive to negative can benefit clinical assessment, interventions and understandings of resilience. Cognitive Therapy and Research 41: 335-349.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Jones, L. and Dyson, S., 2016. Equine athletes: psychology and performance. The Veterinary Times, 16 May 2016.
Google Scholar
Keeling, L., Jonare, L. and Lanneborn, L., 2009. Investigating horse-human interactions: the effect of a nervous human. Veterinary Journal 181: 70-71.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Krane, V. and Williams, J.M., 2013. Psychological characteristics of peak performance. In: Williams, J.M. and Krane, V. (eds.) Applied sport psychology. Personal growth to peak performance. Mcgraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA, pp. 159-175.
Google Scholar
Krohne, H.W., 2002. Stress and coping theories. In: Smelser, N.J. and Baltes, P.B. (eds.) The international encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences. Elsevier, Oxford, UK, pp. 15163-15170.
Google Scholar
Kuan, G., Morris, T., Kueh, Y.C. and Terry, P.C., 2018. Effects of relaxing and arousing music during imagery training on dart-throwing performance, physiological arousal indices, and competitive state anxiety. Frontiers in Psychology 9: 14.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Laerd Statistics, 2018. One-way MANCOVA in SPSS statistics. Available at: https://statistics.laerd.com/spss-tutorials/one-way-mancova-using-spss-statistics.php. Google Scholar
Lamperd, W., Clarke, D., Wolframm, I. and Williams, J., 2016. What makes an elite equestrian rider? Comparative Exercise Physiology 12: 105-118.
Wageningen Academic PublishersGoogle Scholar
Lazarus, R.S. and Folkman, S., 1984. Stress appraisal and coping. Springer Publishing, New York, NY, USA.
Google Scholar
Lent, R.W. and Lopez, F.G., 2002. Cognitive ties that bind: a tripartite view of efficacy beliefs in growth-promoting relationships. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 21(3): 256-286.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lundqvist, C., Kenttä, G. and Raglin, J.S., 2011. Directional anxiety responses in elite and sub-elite young athletes: intensity of anxiety symptoms matters. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 21: 853-862.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Machida, M., Ward, R.M. and Vealey, R.S., 2012. Predictors of sources of self-confidence in collegiate athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 10: 172-185.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
MacKay, D., 2004. Britain’s pride of the paddock. The Guardian, pp. 30. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/y66yzbrk. Google Scholar
McBride, S.D. and Mills, D.S., 2012. Psychological factors affecting equine performance. BMC Veterinary Research 8: 180.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Merkies, K., Sievers, A., Zakrajsek, E., Macgregor, H., Bergeron, R. and Borstel, U.K., 2014. Preliminary results suggest an influence of psychological and physiological stress in humans on horse heart rate and behavior. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 9: 242-247.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Meyers, M. and Sterling, J., 2000. Physical, hematological, and exercise response of collegiate female equestrian athletes. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 40: 131-138.
Google Scholar
Meyers, M.C., Bourgeois, A.E., LeUnes, A. and Murray, N.G., 1999. Mood and psychological skills of elite and sub-elite equestrian athletes. Journal of Sport Behavior 22: 399-409.
Google Scholar
Modroño, C. and Guillen, F., 2011. Anxiety characteristics of competitive windsurfers: relationships with age, gender, and performance outcomes. Journal of Sport Behavior 34: 281-294.
Google Scholar
Morgan, K., Zetterqvist, M., Hassmen, P., Visser, E., Rundgren, M. and Blokhuis, H., 2000. Rider’s personality and the perception of the co-operation between rider and horse. In: Book of Abstracts of the 51st Annual Meeting of the European Association for Animal Production. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, p. 372.
Google Scholar
Mullen, R., Faull, A., Jones, E.S. and Kingston, K., 2015. Evidence for the effectiveness of holistic process goals for learning and performance under pressure. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 17: 40-44.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Mullen, R., Jones, E.S., Oliver, S. and Hardy, L., 2016. Anxiety and motor performance: more evidence for the effectiveness of holistic process goals as a solution to the process goal paradox. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 27: 142-149.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Neil, R., Wilson, K., Mellalieu, S.D., Hanton, S. and Taylor, J., 2012. Competitive anxiety intensity and interpretation: a two-study investigation into their relationship with performance. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 10: 96-111.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Nicholls, A.R., Polman, R. and Levy, A.R., 2010. Coping self-efficacy, pre-competitive anxiety, and subjective performance among athletes. European Journal of Sport Science 10: 97-102.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Peeters, M., Closson, C., Beckers, J.-F. and Vandenheede, M., 2013. Rider and horse salivary cortisol levels during competition and impact on performance. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 33: 155-160.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Pituch, K.A., 2015. Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences: analyses with SAS and IBM’s SPSS. Routledge, Abingdon-on-Thames, UK.
Google Scholar
Potter, C.L., 1996. Analysis of multidimensional state anxiety in horse trials. Doctoral dissertation, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
Google Scholar
Robazza, C. and Bortoli, L., 2007. Perceived impact of anger and anxiety on sporting performance in rugby players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 8: 875-896.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Sanchez, X., Boschker, M.S. and Llewellyn, D.J., 2010. Pre-performance psychological states and performance in an elite climbing competition. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 20: 356-363.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, A., Aurich, J., Möstl, E., Müller, J. and Aurich, C., 2010a. Changes in cortisol release and heart rate and heart rate variability during the initial training of 3-year-old sport horses. Hormones and Behavior 58: 628-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.06.011 Google Scholar
Schmidt, A., Hödl, S., Möstl, E., Aurich, J., Müller, J. and Aurich, C., 2010b. Cortisol release, heart rate, and heart rate variability in transport-naive horses during repeated road transport. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 39: 205-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2010.06.002 Google Scholar
Schmidt, A., Möstl, E., Wehnert, C., Aurich, J., Müller, J. and Aurich, C., 2010c. Cortisol release and heart rate variability in horses during road transport. Hormones and Behavior 57: 209-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.11.003 Google Scholar
Siddaway, A.P., Taylor, P.J. and Wood, A.M., 2018. Reconceptualizing anxiety as a continuum that ranges from high calmness to high anxiety: the joint importance of reducing distress and increasing well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 114: e1-e11.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Tenenbaum, G., Lloyd, M., Petty, G. and Hanin, Y.L., 2002. Congruence of actual and retrospective reports of precompetition emotions in equestrians. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 24: 271-288.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, K. and Nesci, C., 2016. Over-riding concerns: developing safe relations in the high-risk interspecies sport of eventing. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 51: 97-113.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Vealey, R.S., 1986. Conceptualization of sport-confidence and competitive orientation: preliminary investigation and instrument development. Journal of Sport Psychology 8: 221-246.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Vealey, R.S., Hayashi, S.W., Garner-Holman, M. and Giacobbi, P., 1998. Sources of sport-confidence: conceptulization and instrument development. Journal of Sport and Exercises Psychology 20: 54-80.
Google Scholar
Von Borstel, U., 2007. Fear in horses and how it is affected by the rider, training, and genetics. Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Guelpward, Guelph, ON, Canada, pp. 136.
Google Scholar
Walker, I.J. and Nordin-Bates, S.M., 2010. Performance anxiety experience of professional ballet dancers. the importance of control. Journal of Dance Medicine and Science 14: 133-145.
Google Scholar
Williams, J.M., Zinsser, N. and Bunker, L., 2013. Cognitive techniques for building confidence and enhancing performance. In: Williams, J.M. and Krane, V. (eds.) Applied sport psychology. Personal growth to peak performance. Mcgraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA, pp. 274-303.
Google Scholar
Williams, S.E. and Cummings, J., 2012. Sport imagery ability predicts trait confidence, and challenge and threat appraisal tendencies. European Journal of Sport Science 12: 499-508.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Willig, C., 2008. A phenomenological investigation of the experience of taking part in extreme sports. Journal of Health Psychology 13: 690-702.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Wipper, A., 2000. The partnership: the horse-rider relationship in eventing. Symbolic Interaction 23: 47-70.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Wolframm, I. and Meulenbroek, R.G., 2012. Co-variations between perceived personality traits and quality of the interaction between female riders and horses. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 139: 96-104.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Wolframm, I., Shearman, J. and Micklewright, D., 2011. A preliminary investigation into pre-competitive mood states of advanced and novice equestrian dressage riders. Applied Sport Psychology 22: 333-342.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Wolframm, I., Williams, J. and Marlin, D., 2015. The role of personality in equestrian sports: an investigation. Comparative Exercise Physiology 11: 133-144.
Wageningen Academic PublishersGoogle Scholar
Wolframm, I.A. and Micklewright, D., 2009. Pre-competitive levels of arousal and self-confidence among elite and non-elite riders. Comparative Exercise Physiology 5: 153-159.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Wolframm, I.A. and Micklewright, D., 2011a. Effects of trait anxiety and direction of pre-competitive arousal on performance in the equestrian disciplines of dressage, showjumping and eventing. Comparative Exercise Physiology 7: 1-7.
Google Scholar
Wolframm, I.A. and Micklewright, D., 2011b. The effect of a mental training program on state anxiety and competitive dressage performance. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 6: 267-275.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Woodman, T., Akehurst, S., Hardy, L. and Beattie, S., 2010. Self-confidence and performance: a little self-doubt helps. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 11: 467-470.
CrossrefGoogle Scholar

New titles